Jealousy: a look at a classical paper from Evolutionary Psychology (Buss et al., 1992)

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

# Jealousy: a look at a classical paper from Evolutionary Psychology (Buss et al., 1992)
### Dr. Thomas V. Pollet (@tvpollet), Northumbria University
### 2020-02-02 | <a href="http://tvpollet.github.io/disclaimer">disclaimer</a>

---

## Outline of today.

* Intro.

* Discussing a classic paper on 'Jealousy'.

* Other research following this classic.

* Summary.

We'll use '[zeetings](www.zeetings.com/tvpollet)' to make it a bit more interactive. Go to [www.zeetings.com/tvpollet](www.zeetings.com/tvpollet) for the interactive bit.

--> **Goal for today**: give you some insight into a classic study, criticism and ongoing studies.

???
No need to take extensive notes. References at end of slides.

---
## Jealousy and intimate relationships.

* This topic could be sensitive to some of you. However, you'll have come across news stories relating to jealousy.

* Should you feel uncomfortable, then please refrain from taking part in the activities and feel free to leave. (If you need to discuss any issues you can approach Ask4Help, the students union or [Samaritans](www.samaritans.org)).

---
## Who am I... ?

* I teach the option course Research on Human Nature and [Advanced Quantitative methods](https://tvpollet.github.io/PY0794). Also, I am the _'Director of Learning & Teaching: Experience'_.

* I am an interdisciplinary behavioural scientist and I have published [too many papers](https://tvpollet.github.io/papers). I work mostly on social relationships (friendships, loneliness, social networks, attraction in romantic relationships), but have ventured out (e.g., research methodology, sex ratios, left-handedness, body image (height), personality, PTSD, 'cyberpsychology',...). One of the topics I have worked on is jealousy --> Hence this lecture.

---
## Let's do a survey!

Please navigate your laptop, Ipad/tablet or phone to: https://nupsych.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9FVnjeYDkTJIkTP

Make sure you read the first page.

Later on it will become clear what the purpose is!

If finished: have a look [here](https://www.slideshare.net/PETRUSALMEIDUS/the-evolution-of-jelousy)

---
## Evolutionary psychology

**zeetings question on EP**

**zeetings question on jealousy**

---
## Jealousy and evolutionary psychology.

Here, is the argument:

* Jealousy is an evolved behaviour to motivate us to protect our close relationships from interference.

* Throughout evolutionary history, those who responded with jealousy were more likely to maintain their relationships and would be more likely to reproduce.

--> does this seem plausible? **zeetings question**

???
If so, then presumably we have adaptations to deal with detecting and responding to jealousy.

---
## Jealousy

* People typically are upset by a partner’s actual or perceived infidelity.

* Infidelity: sexual, falling in love, become too close to someone else, spending too much time with someone else…

Sex differences in contributions to reproduction in a heterosexual relationship:

Women: pregnancy, nursing, etc.

Men: resources

(Trivers, 1972)

---
## Infidelity

According to evolutionary psychologists: In what way can infidelity curtail these contributions?

Women’s pregnancy, nursing contribution: Men most threatened by woman’s sexual infidelity (risk of pregnancy by another man)

Men’s resource contribution: Women most threatened by men’s emotional infidelity (could divert resources to another woman)

---
## Classic study (Buss et al., 1992).

[This paper](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a29f/af2933afbd921c0b4b1de62e01a967a2307c.pdf) has over 1,650 citations in Google scholar.

Three studies on sex differences in jealousy (2 studies based on surveys and one based on physiological measures (e.g., EMG))

**zeetings question**

???
Electromyography.

---
## Graphical summary

---
## Conclusion.

_"All studies showed large sex differences, confirming hypothesized sex linkages in jealousy activation."_

???
Key study for evolutionary psychology. “We also replicated this gender difference with a differently worded infidelity dilemma—a partner trying different sexual positions with a rival versus falling in love with a rival. Across both dilemmas, contrasting a sexual with an emotional infidelity using the forced-choice paradigm always produced a replicable gender difference.” (from Buss 2018 review).

---
## Criticisms?

**zeetings question**

Don't click ahead just yet... .

---
## Criticism: Assumptions about sexual behaviour.

What about assumptions about men’s and women’s sexual behaviour?

_"Among men, sex sometimes results in intimacy; among women, intimacy sometimes results in sex.”_ Symons (1979)

**Men**: sex less significant. Love probably entails sex (not vice versa).

**Women**: sex more significant. Sex probably entails love (not vice versa).

Thus, asymmetric differences in whether one type of infidelity entails the other (DeSteno & Salovey, 1996).

---
## Response to criticism.

Buss et al. (1999) looked among other things at different phrasings

---
## Replications...

* Gender differences replicated in different cultures, and using different methods (see Buss 2018)

* China, Korea, Japan, Chile, Spain, Romania, Ireland, Sweden, Norway

* Range of methods: Physiological methods (EEG, fMRI); behavioural measures; verbal interrogations; visual attention (eye tracking); etc.

**zeetings question**

???
Gender differences replicated in different cultures, and using different methods (see Buss 2018)
China, Korea, Japan, Chile, Spain, Romania, Ireland, Sweden, Norway
Physiological methods (EEG, fMRI); behavioural measures; verbal interrogations; attention; etc.
Electroencephalogram (32 in scrabble) - functional magnetic resonance imaging

---
## Summary

---
## Criticism: Actual vs. Imagined fidelity.

Difficult to imagine infidelity in an abstract form.

Harris (2002) used a sample of people who experienced infidelity (N=150).

???
But criticized for using 'focus' rather than jealousy.

---
## Criticism: Actual vs. Imagined fidelity.

Berman and Frazier (2005) also failed to find support for the hypothesised sex difference in actual infidelity (but N=64 in that contrast).

---
## Other studies on actual infidelity.

But: Other studies present mixed results.

Edlund et al. (2006): two studies: students (N=206) and non-students (N=125) find support.

Varga et al. (2011): sample of students (N=294) and non-students (N=325) find no support.

Zengl et al. (2013): nationally representative sample (N>1600, of which 785 had experienced infidelity) find support

???
Reported overall sample sizes. Mostly around 50% that experienced infidelity.

---
## What's the issue with asking about actual infidelity?

**zeetings question**

---
## Criticism: Accuracy of recall?

Kuhle (2011) analysed 51 episodes of 'Cheaters' using 6 coders ( `\(\chi^2\)` test, _p_=.016).

---
## Example clip.

???
how well can people recall and report on their experiences of infidelity?
Kuhle 2011: people actually encountering infidelity.

---
## Criticism of Kuhle (2011).

**zeetings question**

???
Double-blind?
Relatively small effect?
Framing?

---
## Is the debate settled?

* A meta-analytic synthesis by Sagarin et al. (2012)

* A (mini-)meta-analytic synthesis by Ijzerman et al. (2014): looking specifically at older vs. younger samples.

**zeetings question**

---
## Sagarin et al. (2012)

Examined 41 papers with 45 independent samples using the dilemma.

_Across the 45 independent samples, a significant theory-supportive effect emerged, g*=0.258, 95% CI [0.188, 0.328], z=7.25, p<.00001._

BUT (among other things):

_Studies with nonrandom samples produced significantly larger effects (g*=0.270, 95% CI [0.195, 0.346], p<.01) than did studies with random samples (g*=0.111, 95% CI [−0.018, 0.240], p=.09), Q1=4.39, p=.04._
and _Studies with student samples produced significantly larger effects (g*=0.309, 95% CI [0.227, 0.391], p<.01) than did studies with nonstudent samples (g*=0.104, 95% CI [−0.022, 0.229], p=.10), Q1=7.23, p<.01._

---
## Ijzerman et al. (2014)

Four studies totaling around 2,000 participants + mini-meta-analysis.

---
## Extensions: Rival characteristics.

Dijkstra & Buunk (1998) argued that (heterosexual) men and women should be attuned to characteristics which there partner should care about.

* --> Women, as opposed to men, should care more about the attractiveness of a potential rival
* --> Men, as opposed to women, should care more about the dominance of a potential rival

Tested with 152 Dutch undergraduates.

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="https://media.giphy.com/media/PAQgKcl8JqZwc/giphy.gif" alt="A different type of extensions" width="350px" />
A different type of extensions
</div>

---
## Key findings of Dijkstra & Buunk (1998)

---
## Replication Studies (Pollet & Saxton, in press, PSPB)

We attempted to replicate the findings from this study.

* Study 1: N=339, Found an effect of 'attractiveness' effect but not 'dominance' effect.

* Study 2: N=456, Found no effects... .

---
## Meta-analytic synthesis: Attractiveness.

---
## Meta-analytic synthesis: Dominance.

---
## Future (Back to the... ).

* There remains a dearth of research on LGBTQ+ communities (but see De Souza et al., 2006, for example) and non-Western samples (but see Buunk & Dijkstra, 2015, for example).

* Is this pattern stable over time? (Old versus young samples?)

* Is there something different about new relationship forms (or is it similar to previous forms (e.g. open marriages, Buunk (1980, 1981))?

* Do we get jealous (/envious) of the same traits across different domains?

???
Measurement of jealousy. Interpretation of infidelity. Life experiences.

---
## Summary

* We have reviewed a key study from Evolutionary Psychology on Jealousy.

* This has spawned a lot of research on Jealousy. More questions: e.g., the role of having experienced infidelity.

* Do you 'trust' the finding? [Meta-analysis](https://www.um.es/metaanalysis/pdf/5032.pdf) could be a useful tool.

---
## Popular psychology books.

At your own peril:

???
Gave this to my partner to read.

---
## Acknowledgment / Any Questions?

Thanks to Dr. Tamsin Saxton for providing me with her lecture materials.

[http://tvpollet.github.io](http://tvpollet.github.io)

Twitter: @tvpollet / please promote our survey: https://nupsych.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_b89noHMiMolQcFn

---
## References and further reading (errors = blame RefManageR)

<cite>Brase, G, D. Caprar, and M. Voracek
(2004).
&ldquo;Sex differences in responses to relationship threats in England and Romania&rdquo;.
In: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 21.6, pp. 763&ndash;778.
ISSN: 0265-4075.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407504047836">10.1177/0265407504047836</a>.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M.
(1999).
Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind.
Needham Heights, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon.
ISBN: 0-205-19358-7.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M.
(2013).
&ldquo;Sexual jealousy&rdquo;.
In: Psihologijske teme 22.2. tex.publisher= Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci, pp. 155&ndash;182.
ISSN: 1332-0742.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M.
(2018).
&ldquo;Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Evolved Gender Differences in Jealousy Prove Robust and Replicable&rdquo;.
In: Perspectives on Psychological Science 13.2. tex.publisher= SAGE Publications Inc, pp. 155&ndash;160.
ISSN: 1745-6916.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617698225">10.1177/1745691617698225</a>.
URL: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617698225">https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617698225</a>.</cite>
---
## More refs 1.

<cite>Buss, D. M.
(2000).
The dangerous passion: Why jealousy is as essential as love and sex.
New York, NY: Simon &amp; Schuster.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M, R. J. Larsen, D. Westen, et al.
(1992).
&ldquo;Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology&rdquo;.
In: Psychological Science 3.4, pp. 251&ndash;255.
ISSN: 0956-7976.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00038.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00038.x</a>.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M, T. K. Shackelford, L. A. Kirkpatrick, et al.
(1999).
&ldquo;Jealousy and the nature of beliefs about infidelity: Tests of competing hypotheses about sex differences in the United States, Korea, and Japan&rdquo;.
In: Personal relationships 6.1. tex.publisher= Wiley Online Library, pp. 125&ndash;150.
ISSN: 1475-6811.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00215.x">10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00215.x</a>.</cite>

<cite>Buunk, A. P. and P. Dijkstra
(2015).
&ldquo;Rival characteristics that provoke jealousy: A study in Iraqi Kurdistan.&rdquo;
In: Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 9.2, pp. 116&ndash;127.
ISSN: 2330-2933(Electronic),2330-2925(Print).
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000030">10.1037/ebs0000030</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 2.

<cite>Buunk, B.
(1981).
&ldquo;Jealousy in sexually open marriages&rdquo;.
In: Alternative Lifestyles 4.3. tex.publisher= Springer, pp. 357&ndash;372.
ISSN: 0161-570X.</cite>

<cite>Buunk, B. P, A. Angleitner, V. Oubaid, et al.
(1996).
&ldquo;Sex Differences in Jealousy in Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective: Tests From the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States&rdquo;.
In: Psychological Science 7.6. tex.publisher= SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, pp. 359&ndash;363.
ISSN: 0956-7976.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x</a>.
URL: <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x</a>.</cite>

<cite>Cobey, K, A. Buunk, S. Roberts, et al.
(2012).
&ldquo;Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: A within-subjects investigation&rdquo;.
In: Evolution and Human Behavior 33.4.
ISSN: 10905138.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.001">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.001</a>.</cite>

<cite>Cobey, K, T. Pollet, S. Roberts, et al.
(2011).
&ldquo;Hormonal birth control use and relationship jealousy: Evidence for estrogen dosage effects&rdquo;.
In: Personality and Individual Differences 50.2.
ISSN: 01918869.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.012">10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.012</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 3.

<cite>DeSteno, D, M. Y. Bartlett, J. Braverman, et al.
(2002).
&ldquo;Sex differences in jealousy: Evolutionary mechanism or artifact of measurement?&rdquo;
In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83.5. tex.publisher= American Psychological Association, pp. 1103&ndash;1116.
ISSN: 0022-3514.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1103">10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1103</a>.
URL: <a href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1103">http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1103</a>.</cite>

<cite>Dijkstra, P. and B. P. Buunk
(1998).
&ldquo;Jealousy as a Function of Rival Characteristics: An Evolutionary Perspective&rdquo;.
In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24.11. tex.publisher= Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 1158&ndash;1166.
ISSN: 0146-1672.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982411003">10.1177/01461672982411003</a>.
URL: <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01461672982411003">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01461672982411003</a>.</cite>

<cite>Dijkstra, P. and B. P. Buunk
(2002).
&ldquo;Sex differences in the jealousy‐evoking effect of rival characteristics&rdquo;.
In: European Journal of Social Psychology 32.6. tex.publisher= Wiley Online Library, pp. 829&ndash;852.
ISSN: 0046-2772.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.125">10.1002/ejsp.125</a>.</cite>

<cite>Edlund, J. E, J. D. Heider, C. R. Scherer, et al.
(2006).
&ldquo;Sex Differences in Jealousy in Response to Actual Infidelity&rdquo;.
In: Evolutionary Psychology 4.1, p. 147470490600400137.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400137">10.1177/147470490600400137</a>.
URL: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400137">https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400137</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 4.

<cite>Edlund, J. E. and B. J. Sagarin
(2009).
&ldquo;Sex differences in jealousy: Misinterpretation of nonsignificant results as refuting the theory&rdquo;.
In: Personal Relationships 16.1. tex.publisher= Wiley Online Library, pp. 67&ndash;78.
ISSN: 1475-6811.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01210.x">10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01210.x</a>.</cite>

<cite>Edlund, J. E. and B. J. Sagarin
(2017).
&ldquo;Chapter Five - Sex Differences in Jealousy: A 25-Year Retrospective&rdquo;.
In: 
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.
Ed. by J. M. Olson.
Vol. 55.
New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 259&ndash;302.
ISBN: 0065-2601.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.004">10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.004</a>.
URL: <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260116300351">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260116300351</a>.</cite>

<cite>Grice, J. W. and E. Seely
(2000).
&ldquo;The Evolution of Sex Differences in Jealousy: Failure to Replicate Previous Results&rdquo;.
In: Journal of Research in Personality 34.3. tex.publisher= Elsevier, pp. 348&ndash;356.
ISSN: 00926566.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2000.2284">10.1006/jrpe.2000.2284</a>.
URL: <a href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092656600922840">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092656600922840</a>.</cite>

<cite>Harris, C. R.
(2002).
&ldquo;Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults&rdquo;.
In: Psychological Science 13.1. tex.location= 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA
tex.publisher= BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS
tex.type= Article, pp. 7&ndash;12.
ISSN: 0956-7976.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00402">10.1111/1467-9280.00402</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 5.

<cite>Harris, C. R.
(2002).
&ldquo;Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults&rdquo;.
In: Psychological Science 13.1, pp. 7&ndash;12.
ISSN: 0956-7976.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00402">10.1111/1467-9280.00402</a>.</cite>

<cite>Kennair, L. E. O, J. Nordeide, S. Andreassen, et al.
(2011).
&ldquo;Sex Differences in Jealousy: A Study from Norway&rdquo;.
In: Nordic Psychology 63.1. tex.publisher= Dansk psykologisk Forlag, pp. 20&ndash;34.
ISSN: 1901-2276.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276/a000025">10.1027/1901-2276/a000025</a>.
URL: <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1027/1901-2276/a000025">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1027/1901-2276/a000025</a>.</cite>

<cite>Kuhle, B. X.
(2011).
&ldquo;Did you have sex with him? Do you love her? An in vivo test of sex differences in jealous interrogations&rdquo;.
In: Personality and Individual Differences 51.8. tex.location= THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND
tex.publisher= PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
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<cite>Panksepp, J.
(2013).
&ldquo;The evolutionary sources of jealousy&rdquo;.
In: 
Handbook of jealousy: Theory, research, and multidisciplinary approaches.
ISSN: 1444323547.
New York, NY: Wiley Online Library, pp. 101&ndash;120.</cite>

---
## More refs 6.

<cite>Penke, L. and J. B. Asendorpf
(2008).
&ldquo;Evidence for conditional sex differences in emotional but not in sexual jealousy at the automatic level of cognitive processing&rdquo;.
In: European Journal of Personality 22.1. tex.location= COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA
tex.publisher= WILEY-BLACKWELL
tex.type= Article, pp. 3&ndash;30.
ISSN: 08902070.
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URL: <a href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/per.654">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/per.654</a>.</cite>

<cite>Pollet, T. V. and T. Saxton
(2020).
&ldquo;Jealousy as a Function of Rival Characteristics: Two large replication studies and meta-analyses support gender differences in reactions to rival attractiveness but not dominance.&rdquo;
In: PsyArXiv.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/28yvp">10.31234/osf.io/28yvp</a>.</cite>

<cite>Sagarin, B. J, A. L. Martin, S. A. Coutinho, et al.
(2012).
&ldquo;Sex differences in jealousy: a meta-analytic examination&rdquo;.
In: Evolution and Human Behavior 33.6. tex.publisher= Elsevier, pp. 595&ndash;614.
ISSN: 10905138.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.006">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.006</a>.
URL: <a href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513812000244">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513812000244</a>.</cite>

<cite>Symons, D.
(1979).
The evolution of human sexuality.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite>
---
## More refs 7.

<cite>Trivers, R. L.
(1972).
&ldquo;Parental investment and sexual selection&rdquo;.
In: 
Sexual selection and the descent of man.
Ed. by B. Campbell.
New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 136&ndash;179.</cite>

<cite>Varga, C. M, C. B. Gee, and G. Munro
(2011).
&ldquo;The Effects of Sample Characteristics and Experience with Infidelity on Romantic Jealousy&rdquo;.
In: Sex Roles 65.11-12. tex.location= 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA
tex.publisher= SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
tex.type= Article, pp. 854&ndash;866.
ISSN: 0360-0025.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0048-8">10.1007/s11199-011-0048-8</a>.
URL: <a href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11199-011-0048-8">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11199-011-0048-8</a>.</cite>

<cite>Zengel, B, J. E. Edlund, and B. J. Sagarin
(2013).
&ldquo;Sex differences in jealousy in response to infidelity: Evaluation of demographic moderators in a national random sample&rdquo;.
In: Personality and Individual Differences 54.1, pp. 47&ndash;51.
ISSN: 0191-8869.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.001">10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.001</a>.</cite>

<cite>Zurriaga, R, P. González-Navarro, A. P. Buunk, et al.
(2018).
&ldquo;Jealousy at work: The role of rivals’ characteristics&rdquo;.
In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 59.4. tex.eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/sjop.12443, pp. 443&ndash;450.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12443">10.1111/sjop.12443</a>.
URL: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sjop.12443">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sjop.12443</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 8.