Jealousy: a look at a classical paper from Evolutionary Psychology (Buss et al., 1992)

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

# Jealousy: a look at a classical paper from Evolutionary Psychology (Buss et al., 1992)
### Dr. Thomas V. Pollet (@tvpollet), Northumbria University
### 2020-02-21 | <a href="http://tvpollet.github.io/disclaimer">disclaimer</a>

---

## Outline of today.

* Intro.

* Discussing a classic paper on 'Jealousy'.

* Other research following this classic.

* Summary.

We'll use '[zeetings](www.zeetings.com/tvpollet)' to make it a bit more interactive. Go to [www.zeetings.com/tvpollet](www.zeetings.com/tvpollet) for the interactive bit.

--> **Goal for today**: give you some insight into a classic study, criticism and ongoing studies.

???
No need to take extensive notes. References at end of slides.

---
## Jealousy and intimate relationships.

* This topic could be sensitive to some of you. However, you'll have come across news stories relating to jealousy.

* Should you feel uncomfortable, then please refrain from taking part in the activities and feel free to leave. (If you need to discuss any issues you can approach [Samaritans](www.samaritans.org)).

---
## Who am I... ?

* I teach the option course Research on Human Nature and [Advanced Quantitative methods](https://tvpollet.github.io/PY0794). Also, I am the _'Director of Learning & Teaching: Experience'_.

* I am an interdisciplinary behavioural scientist and I have published [too many papers](https://tvpollet.github.io/papers). I work mostly on social relationships (friendships, loneliness, social networks, attraction in romantic relationships), but have ventured out (e.g., research methodology, sex ratios, left-handedness, body image (height), personality, PTSD, 'cyberpsychology',...). One of the topics I have worked on is jealousy --> Hence this lecture.

---
## Let's do a survey!

Please navigate your laptop, Ipad/tablet or phone to: https://nupsych.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0CBtfraRmrH2hyB

Make sure you read the first page.

Later on it will become clear what the purpose is!

If finished: have a look [here](https://www.slideshare.net/PETRUSALMEIDUS/the-evolution-of-jelousy)

---
## Evolutionary psychology

**zeetings question on EP**

**zeetings question on jealousy**

---
## Jealousy and evolutionary psychology.

Here, is the argument:

* Jealousy is an evolved behaviour to motivate us to protect our close relationships from interference.

* Throughout evolutionary history, those who responded with jealousy were more likely to maintain their relationships and would be more likely to reproduce.

--> does this seem plausible? **zeetings question**

???
If so, then presumably we have adaptations to deal with detecting and responding to jealousy.

---
## Jealousy

* People typically are upset by a partner’s actual or perceived infidelity.

* Infidelity: sexual, falling in love, become too close to someone else, spending too much time with someone else…

Sex differences in contributions to reproduction in a heterosexual relationship:

Women: pregnancy, nursing, etc.

Men: resources

(Trivers, 1972)

---
## Infidelity

According to evolutionary psychologists: In what way can infidelity curtail these contributions?

Women’s pregnancy, nursing contribution: Men most threatened by woman’s sexual infidelity (risk of pregnancy by another man)

Men’s resource contribution: Women most threatened by men’s emotional infidelity (could divert resources to another woman)

---
## Classic study (Buss et al., 1992).

[This paper](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a29f/af2933afbd921c0b4b1de62e01a967a2307c.pdf) has over 1,650 citations in Google scholar.

Three studies on sex differences in jealousy (2 studies based on surveys and one based on physiological measures (e.g., EMG))

**zeetings question**

???
Electromyography.

---
## Graphical summary

---
## Conclusion.

_"All studies showed large sex differences, confirming hypothesized sex linkages in jealousy activation."_

???
Key study for evolutionary psychology. “We also replicated this gender difference with a differently worded infidelity dilemma—a partner trying different sexual positions with a rival versus falling in love with a rival. Across both dilemmas, contrasting a sexual with an emotional infidelity using the forced-choice paradigm always produced a replicable gender difference.” (from Buss 2018 review).

---
## Criticisms?

**zeetings question**

Don't click ahead just yet... .

---
## Criticism: Assumptions about sexual behaviour.

What about assumptions about men’s and women’s sexual behaviour?

_"Among men, sex sometimes results in intimacy; among women, intimacy sometimes results in sex.”_ Symons (1979)

**Men**: sex less significant. Love probably entails sex (not vice versa).

**Women**: sex more significant. Sex probably entails love (not vice versa).

Thus, asymmetric differences in whether one type of infidelity entails the other (DeSteno & Salovey, 1996).

---
## Response to criticism.

Buss et al. (1999) looked among other things at different phrasings.

---
## Replications...

* Gender differences replicated in different cultures, and using different methods (see Buss 2018)

* China, Korea, Japan, Chile, Spain, Romania, Ireland, Sweden, Norway

* Range of methods: Physiological methods (EEG, fMRI); behavioural measures; verbal interrogations; visual attention (eye tracking); etc.

**zeetings question**

???
Gender differences replicated in different cultures, and using different methods (see Buss 2018)
China, Korea, Japan, Chile, Spain, Romania, Ireland, Sweden, Norway
Physiological methods (EEG, fMRI); behavioural measures; verbal interrogations; attention; etc.
Electroencephalogram (32 in scrabble) - functional magnetic resonance imaging

---
## Summary

---
## Criticism: Actual vs. Imagined fidelity.

Difficult to imagine infidelity in an abstract form.

Harris (2002) used a sample of people who experienced infidelity (N=150).

???
But criticized for using 'focus' rather than jealousy.

---
## Criticism: Actual vs. Imagined fidelity.

Berman and Frazier (2005) also failed to find support for the hypothesised sex difference in actual infidelity (but N=64 in that contrast).

---
## Other studies on actual infidelity.

But: Other studies present mixed results.

Edlund et al. (2006): two studies: students (N=206) and non-students (N=125) find support.

Varga et al. (2011): sample of students (N=294) and non-students (N=325) find no support.

Zengl et al. (2013): nationally representative sample (N>1600, of which 785 had experienced infidelity) find support

???
Reported overall sample sizes. Mostly around 50% that experienced infidelity.

---
## What's the issue with asking about actual infidelity?

**zeetings question**

---
## Criticism: Accuracy of recall?

Kuhle (2011) analysed 51 episodes of 'Cheaters' using 6 coders ( `\(\chi^2\)` test, _p_=.016).

---
## Example clip.

???
how well can people recall and report on their experiences of infidelity?
Kuhle 2011: people actually encountering infidelity.

---
## Criticism of Kuhle (2011).

**zeetings question**

???
Double-blind?
Relatively small effect?
Framing?

---
## Is the debate settled?

* A meta-analytic synthesis by Sagarin et al. (2012)

**zeetings question**

---
## Sagarin et al. (2012)

Examined 41 papers with 45 independent samples using the dilemma.

_Across the 45 independent samples, a significant theory-supportive effect emerged, g*=0.258, 95% CI [0.188, 0.328], z=7.25, p<.00001._

BUT (among other things):

_Studies with nonrandom samples produced significantly larger effects (g*=0.270, 95% CI [0.195, 0.346], p<.01) than did studies with random samples (g*=0.111, 95% CI [−0.018, 0.240], p=.09), Q1=4.39, p=.04._
and _Studies with student samples produced significantly larger effects (g*=0.309, 95% CI [0.227, 0.391], p<.01) than did studies with nonstudent samples (g*=0.104, 95% CI [−0.022, 0.229], p=.10), Q1=7.23, p<.01._

---
## Extensions: Rival characteristics.

Dijkstra & Buunk (1998) argued that (heterosexual) men and women should be attuned to characteristics which there partner should care about.

* --> Women, as opposed to men, should care more about the attractiveness of a potential rival
* --> Men, as opposed to women, should care more about the dominance of a potential rival

Tested with 152 Dutch undergraduates.

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="https://media.giphy.com/media/PAQgKcl8JqZwc/giphy.gif" alt="A different type of extensions" width="350px" />
A different type of extensions
</div>

---
## Key findings of Dijkstra & Buunk (1998)

---
## Replication Studies (Pollet & Saxton, in press, PSPB)

We attempted to replicate the findings from this study.

* Study 1: N=339, Found an effect of 'attractiveness' effect but not 'dominance' effect.

* Study 2: N=456, Found no effects... .

---
## Meta-analytic synthesis: Attractiveness.

---
## Meta-analytic synthesis: Dominance.

---
## Future (Back to the... ).

* There remains a dearth of research on LGBTQ+ communities (but see De Souza et al., 2006, for example) and non-Western samples (but see Buunk & Dijkstra, 2015, for example).

* Is this pattern stable over time? (Old versus young samples?)

* Is there something different about new relationship forms (or is it similar to previous forms (e.g. open marriages, Buunk (1980, 1981))?

* Do we get jealous (/envious) of the same traits across different domains?

???
Measurement of jealousy. Interpretation of infidelity. Life experiences.

---
## Summary

* We have reviewed a key study from Evolutionary Psychology on Jealousy.

* This has spawned a lot of research on Jealousy. More questions: e.g., the role of having experienced infidelity.

* Do you 'trust' the finding? [Meta-analysis](https://www.um.es/metaanalysis/pdf/5032.pdf) could be a useful tool.

---
## Popular psychology books.

At your own peril:

???
Gave this to my partner to read. Mayhem ensued.

---
## Acknowledgment / Any Questions?

Thanks to Dr. Tamsin Saxton for providing me with her lecture materials.

[http://tvpollet.github.io](http://tvpollet.github.io)

Twitter: @tvpollet / please promote our survey: https://nupsych.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0CBtfraRmrH2hyB

---
## References and further reading (errors = blame RefManageR)

<cite>Brase, G, D. Caprar, and M. Voracek
(2004).
&ldquo;Sex differences in responses to relationship threats in England and Romania&rdquo;.
In: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 21.6, pp. 763&ndash;778.
ISSN: 0265-4075.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407504047836">10.1177/0265407504047836</a>.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M.
(1999).
Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind.
Needham Heights, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon.
ISBN: 0-205-19358-7.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M.
(2013).
&ldquo;Sexual jealousy&rdquo;.
In: Psihologijske teme 22.2. tex.publisher= Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci, pp. 155&ndash;182.
ISSN: 1332-0742.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M.
(2018).
&ldquo;Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Evolved Gender Differences in Jealousy Prove Robust and Replicable&rdquo;.
In: Perspectives on Psychological Science 13.2. tex.publisher= SAGE Publications Inc, pp. 155&ndash;160.
ISSN: 1745-6916.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617698225">10.1177/1745691617698225</a>.
URL: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617698225">https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617698225</a>.</cite>
---
## More refs 1.

<cite>Buss, D. M.
(2000).
The dangerous passion: Why jealousy is as essential as love and sex.
New York, NY: Simon &amp; Schuster.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M, R. J. Larsen, D. Westen, et al.
(1992).
&ldquo;Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology&rdquo;.
In: Psychological Science 3.4, pp. 251&ndash;255.
ISSN: 0956-7976.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00038.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00038.x</a>.</cite>

<cite>Buss, D. M, T. K. Shackelford, L. A. Kirkpatrick, et al.
(1999).
&ldquo;Jealousy and the nature of beliefs about infidelity: Tests of competing hypotheses about sex differences in the United States, Korea, and Japan&rdquo;.
In: Personal relationships 6.1. tex.publisher= Wiley Online Library, pp. 125&ndash;150.
ISSN: 1475-6811.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00215.x">10.1111/j.1475-6811.1999.tb00215.x</a>.</cite>

<cite>Buunk, A. P. and P. Dijkstra
(2015).
&ldquo;Rival characteristics that provoke jealousy: A study in Iraqi Kurdistan.&rdquo;
In: Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 9.2, pp. 116&ndash;127.
ISSN: 2330-2933(Electronic),2330-2925(Print).
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000030">10.1037/ebs0000030</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 2.

<cite>Buunk, B.
(1981).
&ldquo;Jealousy in sexually open marriages&rdquo;.
In: Alternative Lifestyles 4.3. tex.publisher= Springer, pp. 357&ndash;372.
ISSN: 0161-570X.</cite>

<cite>Buunk, B. P, A. Angleitner, V. Oubaid, et al.
(1996).
&ldquo;Sex Differences in Jealousy in Evolutionary and Cultural Perspective: Tests From the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States&rdquo;.
In: Psychological Science 7.6. tex.publisher= SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, pp. 359&ndash;363.
ISSN: 0956-7976.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x">10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x</a>.
URL: <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00389.x</a>.</cite>

<cite>Cobey, K, A. Buunk, S. Roberts, et al.
(2012).
&ldquo;Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: A within-subjects investigation&rdquo;.
In: Evolution and Human Behavior 33.4.
ISSN: 10905138.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.001">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.001</a>.</cite>

<cite>Cobey, K, T. Pollet, S. Roberts, et al.
(2011).
&ldquo;Hormonal birth control use and relationship jealousy: Evidence for estrogen dosage effects&rdquo;.
In: Personality and Individual Differences 50.2.
ISSN: 01918869.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.012">10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.012</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 3.

<cite>DeSteno, D, M. Y. Bartlett, J. Braverman, et al.
(2002).
&ldquo;Sex differences in jealousy: Evolutionary mechanism or artifact of measurement?&rdquo;
In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83.5. tex.publisher= American Psychological Association, pp. 1103&ndash;1116.
ISSN: 0022-3514.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1103">10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1103</a>.
URL: <a href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1103">http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1103</a>.</cite>

<cite>Dijkstra, P. and B. P. Buunk
(1998).
&ldquo;Jealousy as a Function of Rival Characteristics: An Evolutionary Perspective&rdquo;.
In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24.11. tex.publisher= Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 1158&ndash;1166.
ISSN: 0146-1672.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982411003">10.1177/01461672982411003</a>.
URL: <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01461672982411003">http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01461672982411003</a>.</cite>

<cite>Dijkstra, P. and B. P. Buunk
(2002).
&ldquo;Sex differences in the jealousy‐evoking effect of rival characteristics&rdquo;.
In: European Journal of Social Psychology 32.6. tex.publisher= Wiley Online Library, pp. 829&ndash;852.
ISSN: 0046-2772.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.125">10.1002/ejsp.125</a>.</cite>

<cite>Edlund, J. E, J. D. Heider, C. R. Scherer, et al.
(2006).
&ldquo;Sex Differences in Jealousy in Response to Actual Infidelity&rdquo;.
In: Evolutionary Psychology 4.1, p. 147470490600400137.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400137">10.1177/147470490600400137</a>.
URL: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400137">https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490600400137</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 4.

<cite>Edlund, J. E. and B. J. Sagarin
(2009).
&ldquo;Sex differences in jealousy: Misinterpretation of nonsignificant results as refuting the theory&rdquo;.
In: Personal Relationships 16.1. tex.publisher= Wiley Online Library, pp. 67&ndash;78.
ISSN: 1475-6811.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01210.x">10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01210.x</a>.</cite>

<cite>Edlund, J. E. and B. J. Sagarin
(2017).
&ldquo;Chapter Five - Sex Differences in Jealousy: A 25-Year Retrospective&rdquo;.
In: 
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.
Ed. by J. M. Olson.
Vol. 55.
New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 259&ndash;302.
ISBN: 0065-2601.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.004">10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.004</a>.
URL: <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260116300351">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260116300351</a>.</cite>

<cite>Grice, J. W. and E. Seely
(2000).
&ldquo;The Evolution of Sex Differences in Jealousy: Failure to Replicate Previous Results&rdquo;.
In: Journal of Research in Personality 34.3. tex.publisher= Elsevier, pp. 348&ndash;356.
ISSN: 00926566.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2000.2284">10.1006/jrpe.2000.2284</a>.
URL: <a href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092656600922840">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092656600922840</a>.</cite>

<cite>Harris, C. R.
(2002).
&ldquo;Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults&rdquo;.
In: Psychological Science 13.1. tex.location= 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA
tex.publisher= BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS
tex.type= Article, pp. 7&ndash;12.
ISSN: 0956-7976.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00402">10.1111/1467-9280.00402</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 5.

<cite>Harris, C. R.
(2002).
&ldquo;Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults&rdquo;.
In: Psychological Science 13.1, pp. 7&ndash;12.
ISSN: 0956-7976.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00402">10.1111/1467-9280.00402</a>.</cite>

<cite>Kennair, L. E. O, J. Nordeide, S. Andreassen, et al.
(2011).
&ldquo;Sex Differences in Jealousy: A Study from Norway&rdquo;.
In: Nordic Psychology 63.1. tex.publisher= Dansk psykologisk Forlag, pp. 20&ndash;34.
ISSN: 1901-2276.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276/a000025">10.1027/1901-2276/a000025</a>.
URL: <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1027/1901-2276/a000025">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1027/1901-2276/a000025</a>.</cite>

<cite>Kuhle, B. X.
(2011).
&ldquo;Did you have sex with him? Do you love her? An in vivo test of sex differences in jealous interrogations&rdquo;.
In: Personality and Individual Differences 51.8. tex.location= THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND
tex.publisher= PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
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<cite>Panksepp, J.
(2013).
&ldquo;The evolutionary sources of jealousy&rdquo;.
In: 
Handbook of jealousy: Theory, research, and multidisciplinary approaches.
ISSN: 1444323547.
New York, NY: Wiley Online Library, pp. 101&ndash;120.</cite>

---
## More refs 6.

<cite>Penke, L. and J. B. Asendorpf
(2008).
&ldquo;Evidence for conditional sex differences in emotional but not in sexual jealousy at the automatic level of cognitive processing&rdquo;.
In: European Journal of Personality 22.1. tex.location= COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA
tex.publisher= WILEY-BLACKWELL
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URL: <a href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/per.654">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/per.654</a>.</cite>

<cite>Pollet, T. V. and T. Saxton
(2020).
&ldquo;Jealousy as a Function of Rival Characteristics: Two large replication studies and meta-analyses support gender differences in reactions to rival attractiveness but not dominance.&rdquo;
In: PsyArXiv.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/28yvp">10.31234/osf.io/28yvp</a>.</cite>

<cite>Sagarin, B. J, A. L. Martin, S. A. Coutinho, et al.
(2012).
&ldquo;Sex differences in jealousy: a meta-analytic examination&rdquo;.
In: Evolution and Human Behavior 33.6. tex.publisher= Elsevier, pp. 595&ndash;614.
ISSN: 10905138.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.006">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.006</a>.
URL: <a href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513812000244">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513812000244</a>.</cite>

<cite>Symons, D.
(1979).
The evolution of human sexuality.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite>
---
## More refs 7.

<cite>Trivers, R. L.
(1972).
&ldquo;Parental investment and sexual selection&rdquo;.
In: 
Sexual selection and the descent of man.
Ed. by B. Campbell.
New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 136&ndash;179.</cite>

<cite>Varga, C. M, C. B. Gee, and G. Munro
(2011).
&ldquo;The Effects of Sample Characteristics and Experience with Infidelity on Romantic Jealousy&rdquo;.
In: Sex Roles 65.11-12. tex.location= 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA
tex.publisher= SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
tex.type= Article, pp. 854&ndash;866.
ISSN: 0360-0025.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0048-8">10.1007/s11199-011-0048-8</a>.
URL: <a href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11199-011-0048-8">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11199-011-0048-8</a>.</cite>

<cite>Zengel, B, J. E. Edlund, and B. J. Sagarin
(2013).
&ldquo;Sex differences in jealousy in response to infidelity: Evaluation of demographic moderators in a national random sample&rdquo;.
In: Personality and Individual Differences 54.1, pp. 47&ndash;51.
ISSN: 0191-8869.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.001">10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.001</a>.</cite>

<cite>Zurriaga, R, P. González-Navarro, A. P. Buunk, et al.
(2018).
&ldquo;Jealousy at work: The role of rivals’ characteristics&rdquo;.
In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 59.4. tex.eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/sjop.12443, pp. 443&ndash;450.
DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12443">10.1111/sjop.12443</a>.
URL: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sjop.12443">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sjop.12443</a>.</cite>

---
## More refs 8.